What is a fairy tale?

Some thoughts for consideration…

Fairy tales are a slippery genre to define – the borders of definition are made of seaweed rather than coral, with different characteristics drifting in or out?

Instead of saying that for a story to be a fairy tale, it must have ‘x’ characteristics, it can be more useful to look at a range of characteristics and then measure any given story against them to determine to what extent it is a fairy tale.

We can start by broadly defining genres by saying that

  • MYTHS are cosmic, describing origins and creations of various kinds.
  • LEGENDS are local, starting with specific places and times, with plausible situations that might have happened, but are now expressed as larger-than-life victories, betrayals, and defeats.
  • FAIRY TALES are individual following the lives of character archetypes that can represent aspects of humanity. They work as a psychological codes telling eternal truths about human nature in dream imagery – truthful rather than realistic.
  • FOLK TALES can be distinguished from fairy tales, because the one essential of fairy tales is that they must contain something magical or supernatural, often involving some sort of transformation, whereas folk tales have started with a realistic anecdote or joke.

But when we get into specific stories, it can be trickier.

  • The Pied Piper of Hamelin happened in Hamelin, As there’s a statue there linking it to a historic event, it’s definitely a legend… except it has magical elements, thereby making it a fairy tale.
  • Little Red Riding Hood has no magic at all, so it’s simply a talking animal story… but the world acclaims it as a fairy tale because the transformation is psychological, not magical.
  • Bamboo Cutter’s Daughter has a magically-born child found by a childless couple. As she ends up being taken up to heaven with other Chinese gods, is it a myth or a fairy tale?
  • As the purpose of a fairy tale is to unite that which is divided to reach a satisfying (psychological) cohesion, fairy tales ‘should’ end with a Happy Ever After… but nearly all of Hans Christian Andersen’s and Oscar Wilde’s fairy tales have bittersweet endings.

If we assembled common fairy tale characteristics, there would be some that are more central:

  • Magical transformations
  • Archetypal characters
  • Third person narrative
  • Non-specific time
  • Vanquishing evil
  • Achieving power

Plus other characteristics that are less essential but very common:

  • Coming of age
  • Finding a home
  • Union of Masculine and Feminine in marriage
  • Non-human characters
  • Happy endings.

Any of these characteristics may or may not be present in any given story, like a Venn diagram, so when we examine any story against those criteria, we can say that it is a fairy tale to such a degree, or in such a way, but not in others.

From these ingredients, we can have an infinite number of variations or patterns within all the fairy tales in the world, as well as the many stories that sit in the liminal space between fairy tale and myth, or legend, or animal story.

Then again, lots of people just get it wrong. Alice in Wonderland is a fantasy novel. Robin Hood is a legend. Three Billy Goats Gruff is an animal story. Bloggers including them in lists of fairy tales doesn’t make them fairy tales.

It’s equally wrong to think that real fairy tales must be European. Yes, it’s a European art form, starting with Straparola and Basile in Italy, and being named and published by the French Salonnieres in the 1690s – but just because it started there doesn’t mean it ends there. After all, many of our families started in Europe too, but that doesn’t stop us from evolving into our own (multi-) culture. So we can look at stories in India or Peru or Zimbabwe and say to what extent they can be called fairy tales too.

And … we can continue to create new fairy tales – new magical tales of Once Upon A TIme and Happily Ever After – right here and now.

We can also continue to discuss and debate just what a fairy tale is. This is just to get the conversation rolling!

Jo Henwood

2025 Sydney update

AFTS Merch on Red Bubble

With just five weeks to go, we’ve released Helen McCosker‘s stunning artwork on conference merchandise at our Red Bubble store.

While there, browse all the other incredible art from our talented members: Lorena Carrington, Erin-Claire Barrow, Debra Phillips, Helen Hewitt, Sue Khoo, Zoya Makarova and more.

Our keynote speaker Demelza Carlton is an internationally celebrated author, who’ll make her only Sydney appearance at our conference, Over Water, Under Water, Magical Waters of Fairy Tales!

Joining her will be acclaimed fairy tale writers Kate Forsyth and Kell Woods, and a range of authors and academics, storytellers and psychologists, artists and other performers, and all the fairy tale enthusiasts from around the country, at a beautiful ocean-facing site in the water-based city of Sydney.

For the full list of presenters and topics, please visit our conference page.

Register now for our June 14-15 conference at Prince Henry Centre, Little Bay, Sydney. (Please note, sessions run 10am-6pm each day.)

Book either here or via Humanitix – AFTS Sydney for a fabulous time. We look forward to seeing you soon!

2025 Conference Bursary

Greetings, fairytalers!

Sydney is currently in the midst of creating the amazing Over Water, Under Water, Magical Waters of Fairy Tales conference to be held June 14-15. Register here!

We love getting together in person to share ideas and enjoy each other’s company, and because we are a national society with a sprinkling of international members, some of you will travel a considerable distance to join us.

To make that a little easier for an existing AFTS member, we offer a bursary of up to $400 towards the cost of accommodation and transport, plus the helping hand of a local ‘fairy godmother (or godfather)’ to help you find your way around Sydney. (Registration costs are the attendee’s responsibility.)

We want to offer this opportunity to someone who is:

  • part of our community;
  • might need a boost to cover the costs of getting here;
  • will use the chance of going to the conference to continue to invest in our Society.

If this is you, please apply on this form by midnight May 8.

Good luck!
Australian Fairy Tale Society Committee

June 2: We are delighted to announce that Mikaela Grosseholz is the talented and enthusiastic winner, who will join us in Sydney as part of her fairy tale journey.

World Storytelling Day Concert

We invite all lovers of story to an afternoon of live storytelling to celebrate World Storytelling Day. Thrill to tales of ‘Deep Water’ from Christine Carlton, Jill Webster, Jo Henwood, Kiran Shah and Liz Locksley, our performers from the AFTS Sydney Fairy Tale Ring and Australian Storytellers.

When: Sunday March 23, 1-4pm
Where: Kirribilli Neighbourhood Centre, 16-18 Fitzroy Street, Kirribilli, NSW 2061
Tickets: $15 members (AFTS or AS), $20 non-members

Scan the QR code for details and bookings, or visit humanitix.

Brought to you by:

World Storytelling Day celebrates the power and joy of storytelling around the world. The 2025 theme, Deep Water, matches beautifully with our 2025 Australian Fairy Tale Conference theme, Over Water, Under Water, Magical Waters of Fairy Tales. For June 14-15 details, visit our conference page.

Fairy Tales for 2025-2026

The new year is coming, so our gift to you is the five fairy tales we will explore in the 2025-2026 financial year.

We start off in July with our Grimms story, Hans My Hedgehog; perhaps known from the initial episode of Jim Henson’s beautiful 1980s TV series, The Storyteller.

Jim Henson's 'The Storyteller' episode, 'Hans My Hedgehog'

As a consequence, it might be one of the better-known Animal Bridegroom stories, (a most popular sub-group of fairy tales), along with Frog Prince, Beauty and the Beast, Snow White and Rose Red, and many enchanted snake stories; all of them originating with the Psyche and Eros myth.

These stories place the male lead as the one who needs rescuing, so they are popular sources for re-tellings with a Strong Woman as heroine. When a woman is the questor, yes she is strong, she is the hero, the rescuer – but with a lot more suffering, and a reward of getting her man to take her back.

We’ll also examine that the end doesn’t match the beginning, the disenchantment doesn’t resolve the enchantment we’re told of. There’s a missing piece that would make sense of the story’s logic, but what is it?

The September stories are from two European nations well-known for their fairy tales, and both feature a Magic Flight.

Norwegian tale, 'The Master Maid'

Firstly, we have The Master Maid (i.e. the best maid of all) from Norway. Norwegian stories, generally, achieved significance due to the high quality of the collection (Norwegian Folktales) created by Peter Christen Asbjoernsen and Jorgen Moe in 1841 – although most of the stories in that collection are animal stories (e.g. The Three Billy Goats Gruff) or folktales, with no magic.

In 2019, we had the joy of looking at the unjustly obscure Tatterhood (pls read if you haven’t done so!). It’s interesting that Master Maid, like Tatterhood, also features a bold young heroine, who does the rescuing, though the question does arise as to why she didn’t escape herself before the rather lacklustre hero arrived. Is this sort of tough female representation particularly Norwegian or Scandinavian, or were all European fairy tales this varied before the Grimms started editing their source material?

However, Master Maid‘s key feature is the common (or not so common) fairy tale trope of the Magic Flight, which have the fleeing hero or couple throw down a series of previously-gifted talismans, which transform into incredible obstacles to delay or vanquish the pursuing villain. Jason and Medea may have been the first to participate in this.

The Bee and the Orange Tree, Mme d'Aulnoy

Another example of the Magic Flight comes from a nation that’s produced many fairy tales: France. The Bee and the Orange Tree was written by Marie-Catherine D’Aulnoy in the 1697 book that first coined the term ‘fairy tale’, giving rise to the whole genre.

The Bee and the Orange Tree is also the name of an online journal. Whereas d’Aulnoy featured in the AFTS web series, Salonline, where she was portrayed by our own Eliane Morel, or more factually in the Salonline book of essays and stories we wrote about the Salons.

For November, our Australian fairy tale (usually a difficult choice) is the 21st century original story, ‘The Sixteenth Brolga‘ created by Holly Ringland specifically for the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art (QAGOMA) exhibition, Fairy Tale. The exhibition catalogue, Fairy Tales in Art and Film, contains the tale, beautifully illustrated with the Australian pre-Raphaelite painting that inspired it – Spirit of the Plains by Sydney Long, 1897. (Or read it via Holly’s sub-stack.)

'The Spirit of the Plains', Sydney Long, 1897

The Sixteenth Brolga is brief and subtle; full of brush strokes of meaning. The only action really is two different people looking at this painting, seeing what it is, and what might be – a picture of time and transformation from a contemporary urban, Australian perspective.

As Ringland’s The Seven Skins of Esther Wilding interweaves seven fairy tales about selkies, swans and women, we can use The Sixteenth Brolga as her model for how to write an original Australian fairy tale, as well as how to sample fairy tales within a broader narrative.

Right in time for the 2026 Lunar Festival in February, we will investigate two Vietnamese fairy tales. Surprising, considering how many Australians have Vietnamese heritage, that it has taken us this long to explore any Vietnamese fairy tales, or tales that fulfil this function, even though they weren’t created in that form, but instead combine indigenous myths and introduced stories from colonisers from different eras.

Vietnamese tales: Moon Boy; The Legend of the Mosquito

The Moon Boy may be of interest to Westerners, as it combines the moon’s usual feminine associations with a masculine hero – although in many versions, Cuoi really isn’t a particularly heroic hero.

The Mosquito, which could be labelled a pourquoi story or legend has some intriguing and potentially misogynstic connections with the Chinese story of Lady White Snake, as explored in 2024.

Helena Nyblom, and illustrations from The Queen's Necklace.

For April 2026, we focus on The Queen’s Necklace, an original 1890s fairy tale written by Helena Nyblom (1843-1926), who achieved fame as a fairy tale writer in the generation following Hans Christian Andersen. The Danish-born writer, who moved to Sweden, was actually more interested in her poetry, music, and six children.

The story is largely about greed, and could be compared to Oscar Wilde’s Happy Prince, (which we investigated in 2021), that was written not long after. An American revision by Jane Langton in 1994 tidied up some loose ends, particularly in creating a satisfying love story and giving the villain a meaningful death.

Literary fairy tales can form an interesting contrast to what might be thought of as folk (i.e. authorless or of unknown authorship) stories, with a much more conscious choice of language and treatment of psychological and social issues, while still maintaining the essential magical elements.

2024 AFTS Award Winner!

The Australian Fairy Tale Society is thrilled to announce that the winner of the 2024 AFTS Award for outstanding contributions to the field of fairy tales in Australia is Kathryn Gossow.

Kathryn Gossow

We greatly appreciate Kathryn’s contributions over many years:

  • She was a key part of the group that created and promoted the ‘South of the Sun‘ anthology – the only collection of contemporary Australian fairy tales;
  • Kathryn, with Anne E Stewart, liaised with the Qld Gallery of Modern Art to ensure Brisbane Fairy Tale Ring members and local storytellers participated in the unique 2023-2024 ‘Fairy Tales‘ exhibition, and to also sell ‘South of the Sun’ beside other fairy tale classics;
  • Liaison with the Qld Writers Centre led to a Brisbane Fairy Tale Ring panel at GenreCon 2022 and 2023;
  • Co-organised the 2022 Brisbane conference, ‘Australian Fairy Tales: Flesh or Fossil?’;
  • For many years has led the Brisbane Fairy Tale Ring, a joy she now shares with co-leader Bettina Nissen.

Congratulations Kathryn!

Kathryn’s co-nominees were glass artist Spike Deane and Melbourne performer Em Chandler, whom we warmly thank for all they do for our community!

One Month until the 2024 Conference!

It’s ONE MONTH to go until our jampacked conference in Newport on August 3rd and 4th. There’s still plenty of time to register your in-person or online attendance! That’s right, if you can’t make it in person you can still join in with most of the online via Zoom.

We are thrilled to announce that thanks to the support of Hobsons Bay City Council through its Make it Happen Grants program, the opening sessions for each day of the conference will be open to the public!

That’s right, Michael Earp’s Keynote Address and our Special Guest Presentation from Jaeden Williams (Boonwurrung educator, and founder/director of Biik Bundjil) will be free for everyone to attend. PLUS Michael’s Keynote Address will be Auslan interpreted too.

However, spaces for both sessions will be limited so whether you’re coming to the whole conference or just the morning sessions with Jaeden and Michael, register now!!!

Register for the Full Conference (Single Day, Two Days, and Online) here.

Get tickets to the Keynote Address by Michael Earp here

and to our Special Guest Presentation by Jaeden Williams here.

(Note: if you’ve registered for the conference, you already have a place at the Keynote and Guest Presentation)

If you’re coming from regional Victoria, interstate, or even overseas(!) we have a handy dandy welcome pack to give you a starting point to find your way to the Newport Community Hub and other nifty bits of advice. You can download the welcome pack here.

We’re undergoing a little program revision, but start and end times will not change. Be ready to start at 9:45am each day, finishing by 6:30pm AEST and 4:30pm AEST on Saturday 3rd and Sunday 4th respectively. That gives you plenty of time to calmly plane, train, or automobile your way home. An updated conference program will be out very, very soon…

All AFTS members will have access to the recordings of conference sessions in the future, but if you have registered (regardless of whether you’re a member, and joining in-person or online) you will get access first. So what are you waiting for, get registered and get excited for a jam-packed weekend. We can’t wait to welcome you to Newport! 

And if you need a reminder, our fantastic conference artwork is by the brilliant Roslyn Quin (@roslynquinart)!

Registrations for Once & Future Tales are open!

Registrations have opened for our 2024 conference – register here for what is going to be a jam-packed two-day conference on August 3 & 4 in Newport.

And what better way to kick off the announcements of this year’s presenters – and the conference as a whole – than with our Keynote Speaker… Michael Earp!

Michael-Earp-Headshot-April-2022-2-1 (1)Michael Earp is a non-binary writer and bookseller living in Naarm (Melbourne, Australia). They are editor of, and contributor to Everything Under the Moon: Fairy tales in a queerer light, Kindred: 12 Queer #LoveOzYA Stories, Out-Side: Queer Words and Art from Regional Victoria and co-edited Avast! Pirate Stories From Transgender Authors with Alison Evans. Their writing has also appeared in Archer, The Age, PopMatters, The Victorian Writer, Aurealis and Underdog: #LoveOzYA Short Stories. For over twenty years they have worked between bookselling and publishing as a children’s and young adult specialist. Their role managing The Little Bookroom, the world’s oldest children’s bookstore saw them named ABA Bookseller of the year. A passionate advocate for LGBTQIA+ literature for young people, they established the #AusQueerYA Tumblr to catalogue all Australian young adult fiction containing queer content and characters. Representation of all people in the literature available to readers of all ages is the ethos that motivates their entire career. They have a Masters in Children’s Literature and a Teaching degree and previously served as committee chair for the #LoveOzYA campaign. Tea is the source of all their power.

In the coming weeks, plenty more presenters and other titbits and teasers will be announced. But don’t wait around, put August 3-4 in your diary and register now! We can’t welcome you to Newport for what will be a full-to-burst, exciting, diverse, and all-around fantastic conference. And don’t forget, if you can’t get to the whole weekend, don’t fret! There are single-day registrations and online attendee registrations.

Register now – and we’ll see you in August!

************

Once & Future Tales: What was, what is… what if?

August 3-4, 2024 | Newport, Victoria       *Register here* Conference Artwork

Conference artwork by Roslyn Quinn

“Once upon a time” takes us into a place where time moves differently.

Fairy tales allow us to time travel to the past and scry into the future, uncovering lessons from what once was and paving the way for what might be. We can create conversations with our ancestors, premonitions for our descendants, and dreams of our here and now. Like King Arthur and Finn Macool, what tales lie waiting for our clarion call? And which, like Briar Rose, must be put to sleep for a spell?

Through folk and fairy tales we stitch together motif and memory, epics and anecdotes creating letters from the past to the future. But how do we hold these tales in our hearts here and now?

Do we tell stories because they have happened or because, maybe, they are yet to be?

“Time comes into it. Say it.        Say it. The universe is made of stories not of atoms.”

from The Speed of Darkness by Muriel Rukeyser

Brisbane Exhibition

If you haven’t seen the Fairytales exhibition at GOMA yet, it’s time to venture into the woods and go down that rabbit hole. You won’t regret it.

Front of museum, exhibition sign with bird on it

The exhibition has something for everyone — whether you like art or history, film or multimedia, there will be something to delight you. My favourite piece was Cinderella’s glass slipper from the 2015 live action film. But the very early Red Riding Hood painting from 1862 was also a highlight.

Glass slipper with gold butterfly on top, on shelf

Our small crew of Fairytale afficionados started the exhibition experience with a guided tour and then wandered for hours back and forth through the exhibit like Alice walking through the maze. The Alice in Wonderland section was particularly impressive with several Charles Blackman ‘Alice’ paintings, costumes from Tim Burton’s film Alice in Wonderland, and a toadstool display that took up the whole room, attached to an apparatus that could be pushed around by visitors. Curiouser and curiouser.

Jo Henwood and friends beside black fairytale art piece

The costume displays dominated the exhibition with many costumes from Mirror Mirror, and several costumes from the Catherine Denueve film Donkeyskin, all so intricate. In addition, there were props from Beauty and the Beast, and Labyrinth, along with the costume of the Goblin King himself. Yes, I had a David Bowie fangirl moment.

Other items included cut outs from Hans Christian Anderson, along with the photos from the fairy hoax, and a 3D witches house which you could walk into and immerse yourself in the dark mythology. It was a brilliant exhibition which was worth crossing the border to see.

Tree trunk and branches growing around wooden hut at GOMA

Early in the exhibition season, members of the Brisbane Fairytale Ring were invited to storytell at GOMA over several sessions in a ‘Fairytale Festival’ and had a wonderful time doing so. June Perkins gives all the details and fabulous photos on the Gumbootzpearlz blog. Well worth the read.

As always, we exit the exhibition via the FairyTales giftshop, selling the AFTS Anthology, South of the Sun. We have picked up some new readers – congratulations to all involved.

Fairytales at GOMA closes on 28th April 2024. Thank you to GOMA for a fantastic Fairytales experience and for inviting AFTS to be part of it.

Call for Presentations!

A composite of images start on the left with a person with long hair in a long white dress riding a polar bear under a tree with frosted leaves; men in ancient clothes by the bedside of a dying king; a man approaching a tunnel with bright light at the end; one crowned man offering another crowned man a precious glass bottle while figures stand in the background; a man in a theatre watching volcanic lava flows on a screen; the classic image of a chimpanzee on all fours following an ape on two legs following increasingly more human figures, but different in that the humans are female; finishing with a rainbow and golden clouds over a grassy countryside devoid of people or buildings.

Once and Future Tales: What was, what is, … What if?
Australian Fairy Tale Society Conference 2024

Call for Presentations – Submissions now open here
EXTENSION – Submissions now close at midnight AEST on March 8th!
SUBMISSIONS HAVE NOW CLOSED

The Otherworld… Everywhen… Standing in the story-space…

“Once upon a time” takes us into a place where time moves differently.

Fairy tales allow us to time travel to the past and scry into the future, uncovering lessons from what once was and paving the way for what might be. We can create conversations with our ancestors, premonitions for our descendants, and dreams of our here and now. Like King Arthur and Finn Macool, what tales lie waiting for our clarion call? And which, like Briar Rose, must be put to sleep for a spell?

Through folk and fairy tales we stitch together motif and memory, epics and anecdotes creating letters from the past to the future. But how do we hold these tales in our hearts here and now?

Do we tell stories because they have happened or because, maybe, they are yet to be?

“Time comes into it.
  Say it.             Say it.
The universe is made of stories
not of atoms.”
from The Speed of Darkness by Muriel Rukeyser

We invite you to submit proposals for what you could present at our 10th annual conference, drawing from the creative invitation above. We encourage a variety of forms and ideas. Please submit your proposal on our online form here by midnight 8th March 2024 (extended from the initial date). Submissions are now closed.

The 2024 conference will be primarily held face-to-face, with some hybrid/online sessions.

As always our focus is on the Australian interpretation and confections to fairy tales, particularly contemporary diverse Australia. As AFTS Conference-goers delight in diversity, we are looking for –

  • Talks of no more than 25 minutes, with the option of 5 minutes Q&A
    • These could be case studies of projects with a fairy tale basis
    • Analysis of a particular tale or tale type
    • Histories, research, and more! Be creative!
  • Panel discussions of no more than 25 minutes, with the option of 5 minutes Q&A
  • Performances of no more than 10 minutes, with an option for 5 minutes’ Q&A
  • Displays of your books, art, puppets, toys, costumes, etc for sale, or to decorate our venue.
  • Stalls to sell your merchandise

All submissions will be responded to in early April, so that the full program can be announced mid-to-late-April.

The Australian Fairy Tale Society was established to investigate, create, and communicate fairy tales from an Australian perspective.  Local Rings gather five times a year, and our Magic Mirrors gather by Zoom almost every month, to explore specific fairy tales like a book club for fairy tales.

Some previous conference themes include The Fairy Tale in Australia, Transformations, Into the Bush, Gardens of Good and Evil, Magic Mirrors: The Seen and the Unseen, and Fairy Tales: Flesh or Fossil. We have an irregular Ezine and have published an original Anthology, South of the Sun: Australian Fairy Tales for the 21st Century.