What is a fairy tale?

Some thoughts for consideration…

Fairy tales are a slippery genre to define – the borders of definition are made of seaweed rather than coral, with different characteristics drifting in or out?

Instead of saying that for a story to be a fairy tale, it must have ‘x’ characteristics, it can be more useful to look at a range of characteristics and then measure any given story against them to determine to what extent it is a fairy tale.

We can start by broadly defining genres by saying that

  • MYTHS are cosmic, describing origins and creations of various kinds.
  • LEGENDS are local, starting with specific places and times, with plausible situations that might have happened, but are now expressed as larger-than-life victories, betrayals, and defeats.
  • FAIRY TALES are individual following the lives of character archetypes that can represent aspects of humanity. They work as a psychological codes telling eternal truths about human nature in dream imagery – truthful rather than realistic.
  • FOLK TALES can be distinguished from fairy tales, because the one essential of fairy tales is that they must contain something magical or supernatural, often involving some sort of transformation, whereas folk tales have started with a realistic anecdote or joke.

But when we get into specific stories, it can be trickier.

  • The Pied Piper of Hamelin happened in Hamelin, As there’s a statue there linking it to a historic event, it’s definitely a legend… except it has magical elements, thereby making it a fairy tale.
  • Little Red Riding Hood has no magic at all, so it’s simply a talking animal story… but the world acclaims it as a fairy tale because the transformation is psychological, not magical.
  • Bamboo Cutter’s Daughter has a magically-born child found by a childless couple. As she ends up being taken up to heaven with other Chinese gods, is it a myth or a fairy tale?
  • As the purpose of a fairy tale is to unite that which is divided to reach a satisfying (psychological) cohesion, fairy tales ‘should’ end with a Happy Ever After… but nearly all of Hans Christian Andersen’s and Oscar Wilde’s fairy tales have bittersweet endings.

If we assembled common fairy tale characteristics, there would be some that are more central:

  • Magical transformations
  • Archetypal characters
  • Third person narrative
  • Non-specific time
  • Vanquishing evil
  • Achieving power

Plus other characteristics that are less essential but very common:

  • Coming of age
  • Finding a home
  • Union of Masculine and Feminine in marriage
  • Non-human characters
  • Happy endings.

Any of these characteristics may or may not be present in any given story, like a Venn diagram, so when we examine any story against those criteria, we can say that it is a fairy tale to such a degree, or in such a way, but not in others.

From these ingredients, we can have an infinite number of variations or patterns within all the fairy tales in the world, as well as the many stories that sit in the liminal space between fairy tale and myth, or legend, or animal story.

Then again, lots of people just get it wrong. Alice in Wonderland is a fantasy novel. Robin Hood is a legend. Three Billy Goats Gruff is an animal story. Bloggers including them in lists of fairy tales doesn’t make them fairy tales.

It’s equally wrong to think that real fairy tales must be European. Yes, it’s a European art form, starting with Straparola and Basile in Italy, and being named and published by the French Salonnieres in the 1690s – but just because it started there doesn’t mean it ends there. After all, many of our families started in Europe too, but that doesn’t stop us from evolving into our own (multi-) culture. So we can look at stories in India or Peru or Zimbabwe and say to what extent they can be called fairy tales too.

And … we can continue to create new fairy tales – new magical tales of Once Upon A TIme and Happily Ever After – right here and now.

We can also continue to discuss and debate just what a fairy tale is. This is just to get the conversation rolling!

Jo Henwood

Memories of the 2025 conference

Only a month ago, seventy fairytalers – the largest number to attend any in-person AFTS conference so far – gathered together in Sydney for two glorious days of ideas, insights, inspiration, creativity, collaborations, and connections at Over Water, Under Water, Magical Waters of Fairy Tales.

From the time the whales breached in the ocean outside our window during the welcome to the last mesmerising words of Kate Forsyth’s storytelling, we delighted in a rich and varied program. This succeeded in stimulating fresh, exciting responses – as well as being lots of fun!

Prince Henry Centre at Little Bay was the perfect venue for our water-themed conference, where we were welcomed to country by Aunty Barb Simms, local Bidjigal woman and Aboriginal health worker.

Demelza Carlton’s keynote address took us over water on voyages across the seas to source fresh visions for old fairy tales, and discover new magical tales dwelling under our own Australian waters; an invigorating introduction to all that followed.

Supported by Joe Vandermeer’s technical expertise and unfailing support, we enjoyed talks that varied in perspective from geologist Molly O’Neill, artist Erin-Claire Barrow, Jungian psychologist Lisa Ritchie,

as well as panels that plumbed the depths (Camille Booker, Molly O’Neill, Kell Woods) or sailed wildly – and hilariously – off course (Barbie Robinson’s chairing of a panel that was not about Magic Tears.

There were song performances (Eliane Morel), poetry (Alexandra McCallum), and many storytellers including Laura Fulton, Jill Webster, Jo Henwood, and Kate Forsyth.

We crested waves with a water dragon (Theresa Fuller), sailed across empires (Priti Modyiyer), and were cast low with Andersen’s unrequited love (Dr Kate Forsyth). We played with Dr Louise Phillips, blew bubbles and drew with sparklers while eating home-made AFTS birthday cake (baked by Liz Locksley), and made fairy jigsaws and took mermaid photos.

We dived into the possibilities of creating original Australian fairy tales for the new AFTS anthology West of the Moon, with Laura Fulton and Melanie Hill. The anthology’s cover art is by our own conference artist, Helen McCosker.

West of the Moon - banner

We seized the opportunities to buy books, art and merchandise in whimsically-decorated stalls (Granny Fi) and we ate. We ate a lot, thanks to Serene Conneeley and Liz Locksley for supplying the food, and Graham Harman for providing the plates. Most of all, we talked.

The conference gave us the chance to celebrate our community, including AFTS Award winner Spike Deane – a renowned glass artist, graphic designer, and website wizard.

The high attendance is a measure of success, because it was matched by genuine connection, and the authenticity of friendships consolidated by our time together – and those who continued the conversation at each after-conference dinner.

Huge congratulations and many thanks to all the talented presenters and hard-working behind-the-scenes people, and the AFTS members who helped with an early set-up and late pack-down, and to AFTS co-founder Reilly McCarron for sharing her photos with us.

And to You, who make hosting a conference worthwhile.

Serene Conneeley, Jo Henwood, Liz Locksley
2025 Conference Steering Committee

2025 Welcome to Country

The place where we will meet for our Sydney conference – our coming together – is Bidjigal land, water, and sky. Current evidence is that Aboriginal people have been living around Sydney Harbour for about 20,000 years, though the population was thin and sporadic up until about 5,000 years ago.

One of the two oldest sites around current Sydney is a hearth from about 7,800 years before present at the old Prince Henry Hospital site. We truly will be standing on ancient land as many generations have done before us.

Aunty Barbara Simms-Keeley

We are honoured and grateful that Aunty Barbara Simms-Keeley will Welcome us to her Country.

Aunty Barbara, a Bidjigal, Gweagal and Wandi Wandi elder, who was taken away from her family when she was just eight years old, grew up on a nearby Mission. She knows this place deeply and can tell stories from the mid-20th century about fishing and swimming around here, and the people and places that she remembers. Here’s one she recorded for the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service.

Aunty Barbara protects the living too as an experienced Aged Care Co-ordinator, and as an Aboriginal health worker who has worked tirelessly in raising community awareness around cancer. She also nurtures and educates all the community, from whatever cultural background, to listen, to understand and to respect.

We are very grateful to her and to the Bidjigal people for making us welcome.

Helen McCosker – 2025 Conference Artist

2025 AFTS Sydney Conference art by Helen McCosker (c)

The stunning artwork for this year’s conference, Over Water, Under Water, Magical Waters of Fairy Tales, is worth diving deep into to find all the stories and characters that are hidden under water.

If you would like to own this art yourself, you can buy any version of merchandise you choose through the AFTS Redbubble store.

This remarkable painting was created by our own Helen McCosker, who contributes so much to the Illawarra Fairy Tale Ring, including the creation of their logo.

Helen is a children’s author and illustrator from Thirroul, a seaside village south of Sydney. Helen’s picture book, The Night Fish – another watery theme! – was published in 2006 by The Five Mile Press.

As a keen woodworker, she is currently working on a collection of wooden ‘assemblages’ inspired by her love of fairy tales.

Helen continues to share not only her art and depth of knowledge, but the generosity of spirit that inspires other member artists to find new ways of interpreting fairy tales – which is what the Society is all about. You can meet her from June 14-15 at the conference, where she will deliver, Once: How an Exhibition Came to Life.

2025 AFTS Award Winner

Spike Deane

The Australian Fairy Tale Society is thrilled to announce that the winner of the 2025 AFTS Award for outstanding contributions to the field of fairy tales in Australia is Spike Deane.

We greatly appreciate Spike’s contributions over many years as an award-winning mixed media artist, Australia’s only (and best) fairy tale glass artist – and the creator of our AFTS Award trophy.

Spike’s additional contributions, past and present, include:

  • Graphic designer for many of our conference programs, social media banners and slides
  • Our original Website Wizard
  • Executive Committee member in the Society’s early struggling years
  • Canberra Fairy Tale Ring leader
  • eZine committee member and contributor
  • South of the Sun anthology committee member and contributor
  • Founding Member #62
  • Creator of Kathleen Jenning’s gift as 2020 Magic Mirrors keynote presenter.

Congratulations, Spike! We’re delighted you’ll have the trophy to display and enjoy for the coming year, as well as special artwork ‘Little Red Riding Hood’ designed by Debra Phillips.

2025 AFTS Award winner Spike Deane, with artwork by Debra Phillips and the Award trophy

Spike’s co-nominee was president Alyssa Curtayne, whom we warmly thank for all she does for our community!

2025 Sydney update

AFTS Merch on Red Bubble

With just five weeks to go, we’ve released Helen McCosker‘s stunning artwork on conference merchandise at our Red Bubble store.

While there, browse all the other incredible art from our talented members: Lorena Carrington, Erin-Claire Barrow, Debra Phillips, Helen Hewitt, Sue Khoo, Zoya Makarova and more.

Our keynote speaker Demelza Carlton is an internationally celebrated author, who’ll make her only Sydney appearance at our conference, Over Water, Under Water, Magical Waters of Fairy Tales!

Joining her will be acclaimed fairy tale writers Kate Forsyth and Kell Woods, and a range of authors and academics, storytellers and psychologists, artists and other performers, and all the fairy tale enthusiasts from around the country, at a beautiful ocean-facing site in the water-based city of Sydney.

For the full list of presenters and topics, please visit our conference page.

Register now for our June 14-15 conference at Prince Henry Centre, Little Bay, Sydney. (Please note, sessions run 10am-6pm each day.)

Book either here or via Humanitix – AFTS Sydney for a fabulous time. We look forward to seeing you soon!

2025 Conference Bursary

Greetings, fairytalers!

Sydney is currently in the midst of creating the amazing Over Water, Under Water, Magical Waters of Fairy Tales conference to be held June 14-15. Register here!

We love getting together in person to share ideas and enjoy each other’s company, and because we are a national society with a sprinkling of international members, some of you will travel a considerable distance to join us.

To make that a little easier for an existing AFTS member, we offer a bursary of up to $400 towards the cost of accommodation and transport, plus the helping hand of a local ‘fairy godmother (or godfather)’ to help you find your way around Sydney. (Registration costs are the attendee’s responsibility.)

We want to offer this opportunity to someone who is:

  • part of our community;
  • might need a boost to cover the costs of getting here;
  • will use the chance of going to the conference to continue to invest in our Society.

If this is you, please apply on this form by midnight May 8.

Good luck!
Australian Fairy Tale Society Committee

June 2: We are delighted to announce that Mikaela Grosseholz is the talented and enthusiastic winner, who will join us in Sydney as part of her fairy tale journey.

World Storytelling Day Concert

We invite all lovers of story to an afternoon of live storytelling to celebrate World Storytelling Day. Thrill to tales of ‘Deep Water’ from Christine Carlton, Jill Webster, Jo Henwood, Kiran Shah and Liz Locksley, our performers from the AFTS Sydney Fairy Tale Ring and Australian Storytellers.

When: Sunday March 23, 1-4pm
Where: Kirribilli Neighbourhood Centre, 16-18 Fitzroy Street, Kirribilli, NSW 2061
Tickets: $15 members (AFTS or AS), $20 non-members

Scan the QR code for details and bookings, or visit humanitix.

Brought to you by:

World Storytelling Day celebrates the power and joy of storytelling around the world. The 2025 theme, Deep Water, matches beautifully with our 2025 Australian Fairy Tale Conference theme, Over Water, Under Water, Magical Waters of Fairy Tales. For June 14-15 details, visit our conference page.

Demelza Carlton: Fairy Tale Queen

Demelza Carlton, WA author
Missed part one? Read all about Demelza’s WA-set mermaid stories here.

You have 27 books (and counting!) in your Romance a Medieval Fairytale series; re-imaginings of some well-known and more obscure stories. What do you love about fairy tales, and will you write more?

I had so much fun writing and researching my medieval fairy tale retellings – and yes, there will be more, although I can’t confirm when as yet.

I love that fairy tales are stories that transcend time and place. We don’t know the original sources, though sometimes we do know when the earliest known written versions came from, and the variations take my breath away in how they encapsulate the history and culture of where they’re set, while at the same time, capturing the heart and soul of a familiar tale.

What do you love about being able to change these traditional tales for a new audience, and to say new things?

Well, writing is always a combination of the familiar and the new – and you need to get the balance right. So, if I’m exploring little-known history, or an island that only a handful of people have ever set foot on, I need a familiar story at the heart of it to entice people to come with to somewhere so new and dangerous.

What did you want to explore about the Hans Christian Andersen story for your Little Mermaid-inspired book Silence?

A lot of Little Mermaid retellings like to twist the tale, to tell it from the sea witch’s perspective. My heroines in that series are mostly witches with various magical power, so it made sense to make the mermaid and the sea witch one and the same – but there remained the problem of her voicelessness. Why would the sea witch take away her own voice, when one word to the prince could mean her happily ever after?

I thought: ‘What if there was something more powerful at play than her crush on a man she barely knew? Love of family, and her wish to save people…’ And I always loved the original tragic ending to Andersen’s tale, so I strove to make my story bittersweet as well.

Do you have a favourite fairy tale?

The Little Mermaid, obviously, but I’ve always been partial to The Brave Little Tailor, because it was about cunning more than strength.

Do you have a least favourite?

The Ballad of Tam Lin and possibly Sleeping Beauty. The first, because he’s a selfish, cheating bastard who doesn’t really deserve to be saved, and Sleeping Beauty because it’s a poor justification for rape and adultery.

You do a lot of research for each of your fairy tales, as you’ve set them in the medieval period. Can you describe one of your research trips?

I spent four months travelling through Europe for my medieval series, from Polish hunting lodges where you weren’t allowed to go outside at night because of wild boars, to Scotland where we stumbled on a castle that inspired both Outlander and Game of Thrones. Actually, there’s a funny story about Finlaggan Castle…

Our trip to Scotland was meant to be a treat for my husband, who is a huge fan of single malt whisky, and I volunteered to be his designated driver on Islay while he visited the distilleries and tasted their wares.

There are NINE distilleries on Islay, and we visited ALL of them. While my husband and his friend were singing loudly in the back seat, with the windows rolled down so the whisky fumes wouldn’t reach me in the driver’s seat, I was thinking about which fairy tales I hadn’t considered yet, and how Three Little Pigs could possibly be turned into a medieval romance for my series. I mean, pigs? Wolves? It was damn near impossible, I decided.

The singing had turned to excited shouts – the boys had spotted a castle, and they wanted to visit. I didn’t believe them, because I’d researched this island, and I knew there weren’t any castles that were relevant to my series, but they were adamant they’d seen a sign pointing to a castle. As there’s no arguing with drunk physicists, I had to turn around and follow that sign, just to show them it didn’t exist.

As we drove down the single-lane, winding road, I caught a glimpse of what had gotten the boys so excited: Finlaggan Castle, or what’s left of it.

A castle on an island that had been used as the seat for Hebridean leaders since the Iron Age (which is before the rise of Rome, so more than 2,000 years). Some of the structures dated back to the Viking occupation of the Hebrides – they didn’t belong in Scotland in the 12th century, when my Romance a Medieval Fairytale series is set. Instead, this castle belonged to a Viking prince, who married the daughter of one of the local islander girls, a lord’s daughter.

And Blow: Three Little Pigs Retold – yes, the book otherwise known as Three Little Pigs, the Romance – was born.

You appear at many author events, such as Supanova and Comic-Con. How does it feel to be able to chat to the readers who love your books?

I swear, when I go to those events, I’m absolutely in awe of the cosplayers, and how much effort goes into the costumes. Sometimes, even more time than it takes me to write a book – yes, really!

It always surprises me the number of people who recognise me at events. I mean, I write in my home office and keep to myself much of the time, so when I do go to those huge events like Comic-Con and Supanova, it’s quite surreal being recognised as me, writer of books, instead of as my kid’s mother.

Actually, those events are the place where I tend to get the strangest inspirations for my next books, usually from readers. Sometimes they offer up character names – their own, or someone they’d love to be a red shirt in one of my books – but also some of the amazing, original artwork, because a picture can inspire 50,000 words.

See Demelza in her only Sydney appearance as the keynote speaker at the 2025 conference Under Water, Over Water, Magical Waters of Fairy Tales, as detailed here, and visit her online at www.demelzacarlton.com